The present review presents a sketch of solid waste management practices in Quetta. The growing population of the city has prompted the production of a huge amount of solid waste. However, the city lacks a systematic waste management system. We have reviewed the overall generation of solid waste in the city including amount and composition, the method of collection, transfer, processing and disposal as well as options for the management of Municipal Solid waste (MSW). According to Metropolitan Corporation Quetta (MCQ), daily waste production in the city is 1000 MT out of which approximately 350 MT is collected by MCQ and rest of 650 MT is left behind. The waste is collected in open dumps and open landfills are used for the waste disposal, which cause soil and water contamination by leachates. These unsanitary zones are not just damaging the health but they are also unsightly. Approximately 50% of the waste generated includes organic matter and recyclable material. The waste is a resource if properly managed, nevertheless QMC is not carrying out recycling activity, and instead it is collected by the wandering traders in an unorganized manner. The review of legal framework shows that there is a need of detailed rules and regulations for systematic handling of MSW. For environmental maintenance there is a need for the advancement of public awareness, formulation and implementation of environmental policies and regulations, financial provisions, and initiation of sanitary landfills. Lack of resources, infrastructure, planning, leadership and public awareness are the main challenges for Solid Waste Management of Quetta.

Nanosilica modified with aminogroup is created for Cu (II) and Pb(II) adsorption. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption tests indicated that NH2-Si exhibited higher adsorption affinity toward Cu (II) and Pb(II). The Langmuir model could fit the adsorption isotherm very well with maximum adsorption capacity of 163.16 and 147.79 mg/g, respectively, implying that adsorption processes involved monolayer adsorption. Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption could be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetics model, and was found to be strongly dependent on pH. The Pb(II)- and Cu(II)-loaded microspheres were effectively desorbed using 0.01 mol/L HCl. NH2-Si have promise for use as adsorbents in the removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in wastewater treatment processes. Any how this study indicated that modified silica nanoparticles can be used in different conditions as an effective, usable and inexpensive adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in aqueous solutions which values are higher than the standard level

This study focusses on using black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) as a biodegradation tool of oil contamination of organic waste. The results showed that, the mostsignificant highest value oflipase enzymes activity at 2 mg/ml substrate and at 15% enzyme concentration and therefore the Vmax of lipase enzyme equal to 25 in cuticle samples and 20 in fat body experimental samples. The tested samples revealed a positive correlation (from moderate to strong relationship) in both tissues cuticle and fat body in both experimental tests lipase enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation concentration. Lipid peroxidation concentration were significantly lower in homogenates of cuticle samples than fat body of 5th instar flesh fly larvae H. illucens in naïve and polluted samples.

The relative levels of glutathione antioxidant system in gut tissues of 5th larval instar and males of Hermetia illucens insect which injected with different concentration of malathion (0, 0.005,0.01, 0.015 and 0.02 %) were studied. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in gut homogenate tissues increase gradually from 0 % concentration till 0.015 % malathion concentration in 5th instar larval insect. Also, the results reveled that there was a significant increase about 15 and 40 % increase at 0.01 % concentration in both 5th instar, and male adult insect respectively, with respect to 0% injected malathion. The highest values of Gluthione S-transferase antioxidant enzyme activity occurred at 0.005 and 0.02 % injected malathion with respect to 0% concentration in both 5th larval instar, and male adult of H. illucens insect, respectively.

Oil and gas exploration produces an overwhelming volume of wastes known for polluting the environment with immense negative impacts. One of such wastes is the drill cuttings incorporated with hazardous hydrocarbons, heavy metals and chemical additives from muds. Like other petroleum industry wastes, drill cuttings negatively affects the physical environment, alters the healthy chemical composition of the environment and exhibits toxic effects on sensitive organisms including humans. To offset these negative impacts variety of treatment options are available. Common physicochemical methods used for mitigating drill cuttings and their effects are thermal desorption, microwave heating, incineration, and solidification and stabilization. These options generate secondary contamination unlike the biological option, limited by land farming, composting and biopiling. Amongst these three options, the land farming method is most popular because it serves both treatment and disposal option and is compatible with the other two. Pretreatment of drill cuttings in composting and biopiling yield ten times efficiency in comparison to land farming treatment alone. This paper therefore suggests that drill cuttings be pretreated through composting and biopiling before the land farming option in order to reduce the overall treatment time.

Due to the large variety of items that are considered solid waste, this term paper is demonstrate how solid waste affect rural ecosystem/natural resources. As a result, the important goal of this term paper is to identify the impact of solid waste and illustrate the cause and effect in different exposed area for solid waste such as soil, animals & ecosystems, water, construction and etc.

Solid waste management is a critical environmental and public health concern in different countries of the world and a significant issue in developing countries like Ethiopia. Open dumping is a widespread practice in most Ethiopian towns and not different in Harar town. This study aimed to select a suitable landfill site using a geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process for Harar town. Related studies conducted did not mention site selection concerning population growth and waste generation, this study considered these facts and calculated the area required for landfilling over the proposed landfill age. Secondary data from different sources were used in this study. Landfill area, road accessibility, distance from Well water, distance from residence, land use and land cover, elevation, slope, and direction of wind were used in the analysis of the landfill site. An analytical hierarchy process was used to rank and weight these criteria using Eigenvector and standardized matrix. Out of the most suitable areas identified (125 hectare, ha), three potential sites in the eastern part of the town had a total area (11.2ha, 13.6ha, and 16 ha). Depending on the projected waste generation rate (195,457.5 tons) in 10 years, no area in Harar town satisfied the area requirements for landfilling. So, the town should be aware of this and deal with the neighboring towns.

Bahir Dar city has serious problems in the case of solid waste disposal site selection. This condition demands a scientific approach for the selection of solid waste disposal site for proper city solid waste disposal and management.

Many environmental pollutants move through food chains and accumulate at sizeable levels in the tissues of animals and man. A high environmental persistence and high lipophilicity chemicals should be thoroughly investigated for their potential toxicity through bio concentration and bioaccumulation, both measured for long periods of exposure. The reported developmental toxicities occurring after boron exposure include high prenatal mortality, reduced fetal body weight, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, malformations of the eyes, cardiovascular system, and axial skeleton. There is no data in particular regarding the ability of boron to cross the placenta or accumulate in fetal tissues. The carcinogenicity of arsenic has been confirmed; however, the precise mechanisms that acute or chronic exposure to arsenic performs to induce cancer are not yet understood. The toxic mechanism of arsenic is complex, because arsenic toxicity is affected by its oxidation state and solubility, in addition to numerous other internal and external factors. Recent studies have shown that the toxicity of arsenic is dependent on the exposure amount, length, and frequency; the biological species; age; sex; individual sensitivity; genetics; and nutritional factors. Phytoremediation is one new approach that offers more ecological benefits and a cost efficient alternative. The plant used in the phytoremediation technique must have a considerable capacity of metal absorption, its accumulation and strength to decrease the treatment time. This review article briefly covers works done to solve the problems of Arsenic and Boron Pollutants by Algae Phytoremediation for cleaning up contaminated waste waters