Bernhard Ryffel Medical education in Bern and Geneva, MD 1978. PhD 1984 and FMH in pathology 1988 in Basel. Positions held: 1974 Immunology University of Bern, 1979 Pharmacology, Sandoz Pharma Basel, 1991 University of Zurich, Pharmacology-Toxicology. 1996 Head of Immunology University Cape Town, RSA. Since 2001 Director of research, CNRS Immunology, Orleans, France with active research, and advisor of several pharmaceutical companies. Co-founder of IBR Inc Matzingen, Artimmune SAS Orleans and Phenotec AG Zug.