The status of smallholder cocoa farms in Liberia's cocoa belt is investigated in the present study (Bong, Lofa, and Nimba Counties). Furthermore, the first part of the study focused on a household survey among cocoa farmers, with the results published in a separate report in 2016, and the second part of the study focused on road rehabilitation, cocoa marketing, and the state of cocoa farms. Farmers reported that the quality of their cocoa farms had improved slightly. Farm management practices remain at a basic level, resulting in low productivity (e.g., everyday input use and the predominance of local cocoa varieties). On cocoa farms, pests and diseases such as rodents and black pod disease are common.

Garden cress is an annual, herbaceous, edible plant. It belongs to the Brassicaceae family and the Kingdom Plantae. According to scientific evidence, it is thought to have originated in Ethiopia. Garden cress can thrive in any climate and soil type. In India, garden cress is cultivated as a culinary vegetable. The seeds, leaves, and roots of garden cress are nutritious and have medicinal properties. This review is mainly focusing on the physical and functional properties of garden cress seeds as seed used in many food products as gelling agent, a water retention agent, a thickening agent, an emulsifying agent, and a binding agent.

Induction of off-season bearing under different planting densities in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv.Neelum were conducted at the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam. Soil application of paclobutrazol @ 0.75 a.i per tree and pruning immediately after the emergence of new growth were imposed on mango trees planted at four different spacings viz. 5m x 5m, 5m x 4m, 5m x 3m and 5m x 2m. This experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications and twenty-four treatments. The field observations on yield, total Soluble Solids and nut weevil incidence for the main season and off-season crops were recorded. The results of this study revealed that treatment with heading back of 10cm terminal growth after the emergence of new growth (vegetative and floral growth) during December to January with soil application of paclobutrazol @ 0.75 g a.i per tree as soil application during March and April for the trees planted at the widest spacing of 5m x 5m was the best treatment combination for the production of off-season bearing in the mango cv. Neelum. It was interesting to observe that there was no incidence of nut weevil in the off-season crop where as the main season crop registered 23.33 to 56.66 per cent damage. The proportion of yield in the off-season due to this treatment was higher than the main season crop. The total soluble solids content was also higher in the off-season crop than the main season crop.