After years of research on fusion energy, a new opportunity is now emerging to use fusion energy while avoiding any radioactive radiation. This remarkable approach is made possible by using laser pulses of petawatt (PW) power and picosecond (ps) duration to burn Hydrogen-Boron fusion fuels. This fuel uses plentiful light Hydrogen (H) and the Boron isotope 11, which yields energetic charged particles without generating neutrons. The nuclear energy produced by the fusion reaction of H–¹¹B is important, because it does not produce the radioactive tritium and it is a clean energy. The only problem in this fusion reaction, large Coulomb barrier between the nucleus and the small cross section of the reaction and to enforce its primary energy demand is very high. In this paper an alternative laser fusion scheme of side-on ignition with uncompressed fuel is proposed to enable ignition of the H–¹¹B fuel along with PW laser interactions. This approach employs a recently discovered laser-plasma interaction technique, which uses very high contrast ratio laser pulses.

The radiological impact associated with naturally occurring radionuclides materials (NORMs) in cultivated lands as a result of the application of fertilizers has been investigated in a farming community in the Eastern Region of Ghana using gamma spectroscopy. The study was to determine the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in different brands of fertilizers available, and widely used as well as the levels of NORMs on agricultural lands where these fertilizers are applied for agricultural purposes. The radiological hazards associated with the storage and use of the fertilizers have been estimated in terms of ambient dose rates to workers during the handling of stockpiles in the warehouse and absorbed doses during farming activities. The risk indices such as the effective dose rate calculated for cultivated soils were found to be higher than their corresponding virgin soils but generally lower than the world averages and recommended limits. Radioactivity level index, radium equivalent values, internal and external exposure hazard indices were calculated for soil samples from the cultivated and virgin lands. Calculated values of these indices in soil samples were lower than the recommended limits and therefore pose no threat to the environment.

Today, as the population grows, the need for multiple power plants has increased to maintain control over the grid’s power and frequency. On the other hand, in response to the increase in pollutants, efforts have been made to establish renewable power plants capable of producing power and reducing the amount of power produced by polluting power plants. This paper aims to examine three renewable power plant units and design a robust and optimal controller for a microgrid. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that network dynamics are uncertain and that obtaining the optimal solution while consuming the least amount of energy is far more economically advantageous. Robust control is used to eliminate this uncertainty, and optimal control is used to achieve the optimum outcome. The H∞ robust controller is used in this paper to provide network resilience, and the optimal control is designed using the dynamic programming method, extracting the control signal. Because power control is easier to implement than frequency control and can also be used to control frequency, this study focuses on power control in the microgrid. Additionally, in the model intended for the microgrid in question, a delay exists between the power plant units.

An attempt was made by inelastic scattering of nucleons on nuclei to elucidate the reasons for the excitation of nuclei in nuclear chain reactions, as well as the deformation of nuclei and the swelling of atoms. The proposed distorted-wave theory of multiple scattering of nucleons by nuclei is applied. When studying the properties of excited nuclei, the  connections of the quadrupole vibrations of the nuclear surface with the motion of nucleons by the corresponding dipole and quadrupole giant resonances were taken into account. The energies spent on the excitation of giant dipole and quadrupole resonances with the corresponding energies and excitation widths, as well as on the vibrations of the nuclear surface, are determined. For a certain time, being in an excited state, the nucleus deforms and increases its size and the size of the atom, that is, its swelling.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) adopted in 2007 and approved officially in 2008, the document entitled “International Atomic Energy Agency Code of Practice for the Radiation Sterilisation of Tissue Allografts” (also known as the IAEA Code of Practice) after several years of intensive work carried out by a group of international experts under the supervision of the IAEA Secretariat. The current IAEA Code of Practice text sets out the main requirements to ensure that the radiation sterilization of tissues produces high-quality sterilized tissues suitable for safe clinical use in specific medical treatments, such as skin burns and bone cancer, among others. 

The IAEA’s main contribution to the process of human tissue sterilization is the development of a specific technique for tissue sterilization and a unique guideline for the safe use of this technique in several IAEA member states from different regions.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) adopted in 2007 and approved officially in 2008, the document entitled “International Atomic Energy Agency Code of Practice for the Radiation Sterilisation of Tissue Allografts” (also known as the IAEA Code of Practice) after several years of intensive work carried out by a group of international experts under the supervision of the IAEA Secretariat. The current IAEA Code of Practice text sets out the main requirements to ensure that the radiation sterilization of tissues produces high-quality sterilized tissues suitable for safe clinical use in specific medical treatments, such as skin burns and bone cancer, among others.

The IAEA’s main contribution to the process of human tissue sterilization is the development of a specific technique for tissue sterilization and a unique guideline for the safe use of this technique in several IAEA member states from different regions.