Objective: Using an HIV-Care-Program, focusing on nutrition and lifestyle modifications through counselling, to improve immunological, clinical, anthropometrical parameters, and health status of HIV-infected patients over 30 months.
Methods:A cluster randomized trial, including 5 health facilities randomized to intervention n=100 (HIV-Care-Program) or control n=101 (usual care). The HIV-Care-Program consisted of an intensive Intervention for 6 months and follow-up for 24 months: The intervention consisted of counselling lessons on: nutrition, hygiene, coping with stigma and discrimination, embedded in practical activities. Outcome variables were CD4 count after 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months, and time to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) initiation. The analyses was carried out, using analysis of covariance, chi-square and Kaplan-Meier method respectively. The results of the follow-up period are presented.
Results: After 30 months, average CD4 counts dropped in the intervention group from 603.6 to 224 cell counts and from 555 to 112 cell counts in the control group, making a difference of 379 cells in the intervention versus 443 cells in the control group (P=0.044). Also, of the 201 who started the study without ARV, 30 (30 %) were initiated to ARV in the intervention group and 51 (50.5) % in the control group (p< 0.001) after 30 months. Viral load decrease was observed in both groups. An association between early initiation to ARV and low viral load was observed (p=0.000).
Conclusion: The intervention provides a low-cost alternative improving health status, slowing down CD4 cell decline, and slowing down progression of HIV to AIDS. However, for better health outcomes, early initiation to ARV is required.

Background: During the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Ghana, various types of nose masks were publicly available following a presidential directive to enforce the wearing in public gatherings. In this study, the authors examined parents’ views about children's nose masking on a public university campus in Ghana.
Methods:The study was conducted between January and May 2021 in a public University in Ghana. Using a mixedmethod design with a purposive sampling technique, four hundred and thirty-nine (439) parents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Ten (10) respondents in the company of at least three (3) children were further interviewed in-depth to obtain some qualitative information on the research topic. All interviews were conducted in English. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 whiles the qualitative data were analyzed thematically.
Results: Profiles of respondents show that females (89%) with higher educational attainments (69%) supported children's nose masking compared to the males although weak, there were some Linear correlation (0.018) backed by positive qualitative responses by females to support children's nose masking. A similar weak significant positive correlation (0.042) was also observed between respondents' educational attainment and perceptions of children aged 0-15 years nose masking. However, the authors observed the suitability of materials used for producing children’s nose masks, duration of wearing, and child’s safety in the nose mask were key parental concerns.
Conclusion: The concerns raised by the parents on children's nose masking call for education on the choice of suitable materials for children's nose masks, appropriate use, and disposal of the masks is required to ensure child safety and effective compliance. The Clothing and Textile departments in the various tertiary institutions in Ghana should therefore collaborate with relevant public health institutions to design appropriate nose masks for Ghanaian markets.

Objectives: Early marriage and adolescent childbearing constitute a crucial problem in Morocco. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the evolution of this phenomenon during the last three decades, according to social determinants of health like milieu (rural-urban), education level and wealth quintiles.
Material and Methods:Inequity in terms of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy/motherhood in Morocco was analysed using disaggregated data given by Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) and the Pan Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM) surveys. Beside using absolute values (gaps) and relative values (ratios) for comparison, the index of dissimilarity (ID) was used to compare the distribution of early marriage and adolescent childbearing by milieu of residence, education level and wealth quintile.
Results: Data analysis indicates that early marriage and adolescent childbearing affect more rural girls than urban ones. No educated girls are much more likely to be early married and to begin childbearing than their counterparts with secondary level of education. Poor adolescents are twice more exposed to early marriage than rich adolescents. The inequitable distribution of early marriage and adolescent childbearing is confirmed by high values of the index of dissimilarity for each social determinant.
Conclusion: According to different social determinants, sensible variations are seen in terms of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy/motherhood by milieu of residence, education level and wealth quintiles in Morocco. This is a clear appeal to decision makers to end or at least to reduce child marriage and pregnancy by acting on social determinants of health, targeting first disadvantaged girls living in rural remote areas and suffering from multiple vulnerabilities (poverty, illiteracy, school dropping, social exclusion, violence and others).

Child malnutrition is a major public health problem in developing countries, which may be prevent through public health development. The present study aimed at determining socio-economic, demographic (SED) and water, hygiene and sanitation factors (WASH) associated with malnutrition among children 0-59 years old in households in the Ndjamena region. A cross sectional study was performed among children 0-59 years in households in the city of N’Djamena from January to June 2020. SED and WASH characteristics were documented from a questionnaire and the anthropometric parameters were collected for calculations of malnutrition indices (weight for height, height for age, and weight for age) and indicators (acute, chronic and underweight). A total of 1248 children under 5 years old of both sexes (male and female) participated in the study. The frequency of acute, chronic and underweight was 6.5%, 30.3% and 13.3%, respectively. The characteristics of the head of the family including the gender, age, and level of education, profession, religion and the size of the household were significantly associated with the nutritional status of the children. Underlying causes of child malnutrition status in NDJAMENA City is a good starting point to initiate proper intervention strategies to decrease the level of malnutrition in childhood, hence the rate of mortality.

Background: According to the UNAIDS 2007 report, there are an estimated 33.2 million people living with HIV and 2.5 million became newly infected with the virus while 2.1 million lost their lives because of HIV. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of traditional premarital sexual practice on the prevalence of HIV and other sexual transmitted diseases. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2018 G.C at Gambella Peoples’ National Regional State. A sample of 151 youth of age between 15-24 from three kebles and 9 elders and 8 officers were taken for the study using simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique. It was analyzed using simple statistical techniques and chisquare and logistic regression. Results: The results of this study indicated that 100% of the respondents were practiced sex starting with the minimum age of first sexual intercourse 10 and maximum age of 19. Having multiple sexual partners and the elders’ response/encouragement of the tradition had shown high positive relationship and effect with prevalence rate of STDs. Conclusion: Prevalence of HIV and sexual transmitted diseases were relatively high. Therefore, it is better to be designed appropriate interventions and working together with deferent stakeholders for the implementation of the intervention and as well as to reduce the transmission rate. Keywords: Traditional Premarital Sexual Practice; Multi Sexual Partners; Ethiopia.

Malaria is still an important health problem in the world. The detection of insecticide resistance in natural populations of Anopheles vectors is necessary for malaria control. CDC bottle bioassay as new tool has been employed for detecting insecticide resistance by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WHO's standard tube-test method for the assessment of susceptibility levels of adult An.stephensi to the malathion, permethrin, and propoxur were determined and compared two methods.
The larvae of An.stephensi were collected from the natural environments of malaria foci, Sistan, and Baluchistan province, Southern Iran. They were colonized at the insectary of the School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Science. The susceptibility tests were carried out on sugar-fed female mosquitoes aged 2-3 days against malathion 5%, permethrin 0.75%, and propoxur 1%. The data were analyzed by probit and t-test using SPSS ver. 18.0. The mortality and knockdown rates as well as the parameters of regression analysis, including LT50 and LT90 was determined.
The mortality rate was calculated at 99.7% and 100% for malathion, 100%, and 100% for permethrin, and 66.2% and 90.3% were revealed for the propoxur using CDC and WHO methods at 30 and 60 min respectively.
A comparative study of the CDC and WHO methods on An.stephensi showed similar results except for the propoxur.

Head lice infection is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. Lice have shown resistance to insecticides, and as a result, these insecticides have lost their effectiveness. The main objective is to find the status of insecticide resistance to different insecticides in the world. An intensive search of scientific literature was reviewed using the search term in the following databases: “PubMed”, “Web of Knowledge”, “Scopus”, “Google Scholar”, “SID”, etc. The WHO guideline was considered for insecticide resistant level. There is now strong evidence of insecticide resistance in many countries to the point that some of these chemicals are obsolete. The lack of a local monitoring system for resistance patterns has made head lice treatment difficult. Clear treatment guidelines developed by health care professionals for cypress lice should follow local/national resistance patterns.The results is generalizable to real-world populations.These guidelines should combine chemical and non-chemical approaches to treatment and be reviewed by local public health departments in a coordinated and regular manner. Effective pharmaceutical companies must be present to deliver the up-to-date effects of their products.

Malaria continues to be main vector-borne dieses in Iran. The remain transmission area in Southern Iran is Bandar Abbas . By year 2020 the program of country is malaria elimination. The main vector control is using insecticide as Indoor Residual Spraying. The aim of study was to evaluate the susceptibility of main malaria vector An. stephensi to different insecticides recommended by WHO. All the insecticides papers supported by WHO and evaluation of insecticide resistance of Anopheles stephensi, to different chemical groups of imagicides including DDT 4%,Dieldrin 0.4%, Malathion 5%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Deltamethrin 0.25%, Permethrin 0.75% , Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, Bendiocarb 0.5%,Bendiocarb 0.1%, PBO 4% +Deltamethrin 0.05% were followed by WHO guideline. Results of susceptibility test against different insecticides revealed that An.stephensi is candidate of resistance to DDT and resistant to Deltamethrin 0.05%, Bendiocarb 0.5%, Bendiocarb 0.1% and susceptible to other insecticides. Knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes in local and global scales.

Malaria is a health problem globally. There are several vector control measures. Using repellent to protect human from biting of vectors is one of the best ways. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of plant against biting of malaria vector, An.stephensi under laboratory conditions.
Chemical constituents of Ferulago angulate plant were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Efficacy and the protection time of plant were evaluated on Anopheles stephensi. A total of 40 compounds were identified in plant. Flourensiadiol (17.4%) dehydro-sabina keton (13.3%), β-maaliene (8.8%) was the highest in the plant. The mean assessed protection time and efficacy for plant was 60 and 100 minutes respectively. ED50 and ED90 values for this plant were 18.12 and 93.19 μl /cm2 respectively.
Results showed that plant has an acceptable protection time, therefore, this plant could be considered as a good herbal repellent against anopheles mosquitoes.

Patients’ satisfaction is one of the most important indicators in measuring the quality of care provided specially in nursing services to the hospitalized patients. Satisfaction evaluation is the reflection of the patient’s point of view comparing with the realities of the care received.