The present review presents a sketch of solid waste management practices in Quetta. The growing population of the city has prompted the production of a huge amount of solid waste. However, the city lacks a systematic waste management system. We have reviewed the overall generation of solid waste in the city including amount and composition, the method of collection, transfer, processing and disposal as well as options for the management of Municipal Solid waste (MSW). According to Metropolitan Corporation Quetta (MCQ), daily waste production in the city is 1000 MT out of which approximately 350 MT is collected by MCQ and rest of 650 MT is left behind. The waste is collected in open dumps and open landfills are used for the waste disposal, which cause soil and water contamination by leachates. These unsanitary zones are not just damaging the health but they are also unsightly. Approximately 50% of the waste generated includes organic matter and recyclable material. The waste is a resource if properly managed, nevertheless QMC is not carrying out recycling activity, and instead it is collected by the wandering traders in an unorganized manner. The review of legal framework shows that there is a need of detailed rules and regulations for systematic handling of MSW. For environmental maintenance there is a need for the advancement of public awareness, formulation and implementation of environmental policies and regulations, financial provisions, and initiation of sanitary landfills. Lack of resources, infrastructure, planning, leadership and public awareness are the main challenges for Solid Waste Management of Quetta.

Nanosilica modified with aminogroup is created for Cu (II) and Pb(II) adsorption. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption tests indicated that NH2-Si exhibited higher adsorption affinity toward Cu (II) and Pb(II). The Langmuir model could fit the adsorption isotherm very well with maximum adsorption capacity of 163.16 and 147.79 mg/g, respectively, implying that adsorption processes involved monolayer adsorption. Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption could be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetics model, and was found to be strongly dependent on pH. The Pb(II)- and Cu(II)-loaded microspheres were effectively desorbed using 0.01 mol/L HCl. NH2-Si have promise for use as adsorbents in the removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in wastewater treatment processes. Any how this study indicated that modified silica nanoparticles can be used in different conditions as an effective, usable and inexpensive adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in aqueous solutions which values are higher than the standard level

This study focusses on using black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) as a biodegradation tool of oil contamination of organic waste. The results showed that, the mostsignificant highest value oflipase enzymes activity at 2 mg/ml substrate and at 15% enzyme concentration and therefore the Vmax of lipase enzyme equal to 25 in cuticle samples and 20 in fat body experimental samples. The tested samples revealed a positive correlation (from moderate to strong relationship) in both tissues cuticle and fat body in both experimental tests lipase enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation concentration. Lipid peroxidation concentration were significantly lower in homogenates of cuticle samples than fat body of 5th instar flesh fly larvae H. illucens in naïve and polluted samples.

The relative levels of glutathione antioxidant system in gut tissues of 5th larval instar and males of Hermetia illucens insect which injected with different concentration of malathion (0, 0.005,0.01, 0.015 and 0.02 %) were studied. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in gut homogenate tissues increase gradually from 0 % concentration till 0.015 % malathion concentration in 5th instar larval insect. Also, the results reveled that there was a significant increase about 15 and 40 % increase at 0.01 % concentration in both 5th instar, and male adult insect respectively, with respect to 0% injected malathion. The highest values of Gluthione S-transferase antioxidant enzyme activity occurred at 0.005 and 0.02 % injected malathion with respect to 0% concentration in both 5th larval instar, and male adult of H. illucens insect, respectively.

Oil and gas exploration produces an overwhelming volume of wastes known for polluting the environment with immense negative impacts. One of such wastes is the drill cuttings incorporated with hazardous hydrocarbons, heavy metals and chemical additives from muds. Like other petroleum industry wastes, drill cuttings negatively affects the physical environment, alters the healthy chemical composition of the environment and exhibits toxic effects on sensitive organisms including humans. To offset these negative impacts variety of treatment options are available. Common physicochemical methods used for mitigating drill cuttings and their effects are thermal desorption, microwave heating, incineration, and solidification and stabilization. These options generate secondary contamination unlike the biological option, limited by land farming, composting and biopiling. Amongst these three options, the land farming method is most popular because it serves both treatment and disposal option and is compatible with the other two. Pretreatment of drill cuttings in composting and biopiling yield ten times efficiency in comparison to land farming treatment alone. This paper therefore suggests that drill cuttings be pretreated through composting and biopiling before the land farming option in order to reduce the overall treatment time.

Due to the large variety of items that are considered solid waste, this term paper is demonstrate how solid waste affect rural ecosystem/natural resources. As a result, the important goal of this term paper is to identify the impact of solid waste and illustrate the cause and effect in different exposed area for solid waste such as soil, animals & ecosystems, water, construction and etc.

Solid waste management is a critical environmental and public health concern in different countries of the world and a significant issue in developing countries like Ethiopia. Open dumping is a widespread practice in most Ethiopian towns and not different in Harar town. This study aimed to select a suitable landfill site using a geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process for Harar town. Related studies conducted did not mention site selection concerning population growth and waste generation, this study considered these facts and calculated the area required for landfilling over the proposed landfill age. Secondary data from different sources were used in this study. Landfill area, road accessibility, distance from Well water, distance from residence, land use and land cover, elevation, slope, and direction of wind were used in the analysis of the landfill site. An analytical hierarchy process was used to rank and weight these criteria using Eigenvector and standardized matrix. Out of the most suitable areas identified (125 hectare, ha), three potential sites in the eastern part of the town had a total area (11.2ha, 13.6ha, and 16 ha). Depending on the projected waste generation rate (195,457.5 tons) in 10 years, no area in Harar town satisfied the area requirements for landfilling. So, the town should be aware of this and deal with the neighboring towns.

We isolated three cellulose degrading bacteria based on clear zone using Congo red stain on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar plates. Three bacterial isolates named as HB2, HS5 and HS9 which were subsequently characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, morphological and biochemical tests. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, the bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus cerus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus altitudinis. For maximum cellulose enzyme production, different growth parameters were optimized. HB2 showed maximum optical density for growth at 40 ºC for 72h while HS5 and HS9 at 40ºC for 48 h. Maximum optical density for growth was also noted at pH 7 for 48 h for all three isolates. Optical density was high for all three isolates using meat extract as a nitrogen source for 48 h. The pH profile of all three strains was quite similar but the maximum enzyme activity was observed at pH 7. Maximum cellulose production was noted by all three bacterial isolates using lactose as a carbon rather than nitrogen and peptone. Further studies are needed in region for identification of new isolates having maximum cellulolytic activity. Above finding indicates that this enzyme can be potentially used in various industrial applications.

Bahir Dar city has serious problems in the case of solid waste disposal site selection. This condition demands a scientific approach for the selection of solid waste disposal site for proper city solid waste disposal and management.

This study is aimed at assessing the influence of community resilience to flood risk and coping strategies in Bayelsa State, Southern Nigeria. 1505 copies of administrative questionnaires were distributed to obtain information concerning the perception of flood vulnerability and resilience in carefully chosen communities applying stratified and random sampling techniques. However, 1265 questionnaires were repossessed for further analysis and the results indicated that incident of flooding in Bayelsa is seemly a recurring problem occurring yearly with loss of numerous lives and properties.

Many environmental pollutants move through food chains and accumulate at sizeable levels in the tissues of animals and man. A high environmental persistence and high lipophilicity chemicals should be thoroughly investigated for their potential toxicity through bio concentration and bioaccumulation, both measured for long periods of exposure. The reported developmental toxicities occurring after boron exposure include high prenatal mortality, reduced fetal body weight, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, malformations of the eyes, cardiovascular system, and axial skeleton. There is no data in particular regarding the ability of boron to cross the placenta or accumulate in fetal tissues. The carcinogenicity of arsenic has been confirmed; however, the precise mechanisms that acute or chronic exposure to arsenic performs to induce cancer are not yet understood. The toxic mechanism of arsenic is complex, because arsenic toxicity is affected by its oxidation state and solubility, in addition to numerous other internal and external factors. Recent studies have shown that the toxicity of arsenic is dependent on the exposure amount, length, and frequency; the biological species; age; sex; individual sensitivity; genetics; and nutritional factors. Phytoremediation is one new approach that offers more ecological benefits and a cost efficient alternative. The plant used in the phytoremediation technique must have a considerable capacity of metal absorption, its accumulation and strength to decrease the treatment time. This review article briefly covers works done to solve the problems of Arsenic and Boron Pollutants by Algae Phytoremediation for cleaning up contaminated waste waters

The emission of airborne particulate matter is produced by the industrial processes of metal extraction from electronic waste (e-waste). These aerosols can transport organic contaminants, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polybrominated biphenyls. These pollutants are proven to have long-term effects on workers' health. In this work, we characterize aerosol particles and dust de-
posited from a recycling process of printed circuit boards and waste cables in a recycling plant. A Scanning Mobili- ty Particles Counter and Sizer (SMPCS) was used to measure the size distributions of ultrafine particles. A Mi-
cro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) collected aerosol particle samples for chemical analysis. All plant compartments checked are subject to high particulate matter concentrations during work hours. Concentra-
tions of organic pollutants in the aerosols do not pose a short, or long-term health risk. However, the accumulation of aerosols in other compartments in the form of
dust may present an indirect danger to workers’ health.

Nowadays, urban landscapes are constantly evolving, influenced by diverse human needs and contexts, demanding innovative and efficient plan solutions. Non optimal space planning causes a substantial reduction of urban living quality of life, inclusion and mobility problems, relational complexity, low space resources access and use connected with eco-system services network break. “Design for all” approach represents an interesting plan tool able to match people connections’ needs to urban environmental quality improvement aims. This clue is supported by the experience of the first case study that considers universal design’s planning positive effects for resident people in the Italian city of Trieste. This is specially related to efficient and effective urban public space perception and services’ use for aged and disabled people. This operative approach also can be used to check out and assess the ecosystem services network part role. At the same way, the varying, and mixed structure of the city of Trieste becomes the necessary elements for re-think and plan the urban way of living with new functions using open space work tool, as highlighted in the second case study described in the paper.

We are privileged to honour Professor Soon Guan Tan (Prof SGT), who’s pioneering genetics and biodiversity studies in Malaysia laid the groundwork for subsequent research. The comprehensive analysis of publications, theme clusters, and research evolution from 1976 to 2021 shows how his work shaped national scientific capacity and changed biological research in numerous disciplines. Prof SGT established Malaysian human and animal genetic baselines using biochemical and population genetic methodologies early in his career.